According to the United State’s Center for Disease Control and Protection, children used to very rarely be diagnosed with any form of diabetes other than Type 1. In fact, Type 1 diabetes has long been referred to as “juvenile diabetes”. Type 1 diabetes occurs as a result of a defect in the immune system. This leads to the destruction of the beta cells, which produce insulin. Children diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes are not usually overweight. Symptoms include recent weight loss, thirst and frequent urination. It does not carry a high percentage of family history. Medication, which may include insulin shots, is typically needed to manage Type 1 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes has been swiftly on the rise in children for the last decade. The CDS has even called it an “epidemic”. Type 2 diabetes is caused by an insulin deficiency for reasons other than a defect in the immune system. The most common characteristic of Type 2 diabetes is obesity. Since childhood obesity is on the rise, it is understandable that Type 2 diabetes in children has followed. Children with Type 2 diabetes have a strong family history of the disease. It is more prevalent in African, Hispanic, Asian or American Indian children. Children with a body mass index greater than the 85th percentile or 120% of what is ideal for their height may be at risk. Children who are older than ten and have experienced the onset of puberty at an early age may also be at risk. These risk factors increase significantly if the child also has a family history of type 2 diabetes, is of one of the ethnic backgrounds associated with increased risk, shows signs of insulin resistance or has other conditions associated with insulin resistance, such as high blood pressure or polycystic ovary syndrome. At risk children and adolescents should be screened every two years with a fasting blood test.
The goals for treatment of children with Type 2 diabetes are to keep blood sugar levels as close to normal as possible and prevent complications. Children with the disease and their families should participate in diabetes education classes to learn to manage the disease. Healthy meals and snacks that are balanced in a way to keep blood sugar levels balanced and at appropriate levels are crucial. Physical activity is also essential to help control blood sugar. Both a healthy diet and exercise will increase the likelihood of weight loss. Weight loss is the most effective way of managing Type 2 diabetes. Along with diet and exercise, medication may also be prescribed.
Research continues on Type 2 diabetes in children. The sudden increase in its prevalence means much is still to be learned about the long term impacts of this disease on children. Type 2 diabetes in children has become quickly become so common that it is referred to as an epidemic. Helping children maintain healthy body weights through nutrition and exercise key to preventing the disease. Identification and screening of at risk children and early intervention are key to successful maintaining Type 2 diabetes.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/projects/cda2.htm